Soon after, a transition to liberal democracy began. However, Franco held onto power until his death in November 1975. In the 1960s Spain experienced a boom from a growing tourism industry and from relaxation of trade barriers, modernizing economically and then culturally, which placed pressure on the state's highly conservative values. This isolation was gradually eroded by the pressures of the Cold War, with Spain signing a security treaty with the United States in 1953. Īfter the war ended in 1945, Franco remained dictator of Spain, at first isolated among the democracies of post-war Western Europe. In June 1940, Spain changed to a position of non-belligerency, despite pressure from Axis diplomats. įranco had received material support in the civil war from both Adolf Hitler and Benito Mussolini, the fascist rulers of Germany and Italy, but when World War II broke out in September 1939, he cited the exhausted state of his country in maintaining a position of neutrality. The new party was a wide-ranging nationalist coalition, closely controlled by Franco. įranco was supported by the Falange and the Carlist Comunión Tradicionalista, and united the two parties to forming the Falange Española Tradicionalista y de las JONS, or FET y de las JONS, whose official ideology was the Falangists' 27 puntos.
#MICROSOFT WORD SYMBOLS WITH PAGAN FULL#
On 17 July 1936, at a time of political crisis, General Francisco Franco led the Spanish colonial army from Morocco to attack the mainland, sparking the Spanish Civil War.Ī bitter war of attrition in which over 500,000 people died, the Spanish Civil War dragged out until 1 April 1939, when the Nationalists led by Franco acquired full control of the country.
Landless labourers seized land, occupied estates, and burned churches. Parallel to this, left-wing trade unions staged industry-wide or citywide strikes, and in Catalonia Marxist and Anarchist groups competed for power. In February 1934 the Falange merged with the Juntas de Ofensiva Nacional-Sindicalista (J.O.N.S), another right-wing group. In 1933, the aristocrat José Antonio Primo de Rivera, son of the former dictator, founded the far-right Falange movement, similar to the Italian Fascists. On the right, the traditionalist Carlist movement was revived. In an atmosphere of political unrest, opinions were polarized between the extreme right and extreme left, often degenerating into violence. The king and the former dictator fled the country when the republic was declared, and the new government inherited a bankrupt state. The Second Spanish Republic was established in April 1931 after King Alfonso XIII had forced the dictator General Miguel Primo de Rivera to resign,įollowed by nationwide municipal elections. With some exceptions for works of particular religious or artistic significance.įrancisco Franco and Dwight D. War memorials and plaques commemorating those who had died in the Spanish Civil War were installed in many towns and villages.Īfter Franco's death in 1975, followed by the return to democracy, many symbols of Francoism were destroyed or removed and places renamed.Īn October 2007 law mandated removal of all remaining symbols from public buildings, The most imposing is the Valle de los Caídos, the Valley of the Fallen, incorporating a huge basilica built into the side of a mountain. Some towns, streets and plazas were given new names derived from Franco and his entourage.įranco caused many monuments to be erected, some of them substantial buildings. Many statues of Francisco Franco were installed in public places, in part to lend legitimacy to his state. This emblem appeared on buildings, plaques and uniforms.
The emblem of five arrows joined by a yoke was also adopted from earlier Spanish symbology, but after 1945 the arrows always pointed upward. The state developed new flags and escutcheons based on the traditional heraldry of the monarchy, but now associated with the state. Uniforms were designed for men and women that combined elements of the earlier Falangist and Carlist uniforms. They serve as visual illustrations for the ideology of Francoist Spain. The symbols of Francoism were iconic references to identify the Francoist State in Spain between 19. State Coat of arms version in use 1938–1945.
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